国際スポーツ栄養学会ポジションスタンド:栄養タイミング(炭水化物編)に引き続いて,炭水化物+たんぱく質編を翻訳する.
炭水化物+たんぱく質
持久性トレーニング
炭水化物とたんぱく質の組み合わせは持久性アスリートおよび筋力アスリートに採用される伝統的な戦略であり,運動パフォーマンスを増加させ,グリコーゲン補給を促進し,筋損傷を最小限に抑え,正の窒素バランスを促進する.少数の研究で持久性運動前に炭水化物・たんぱく質摂取のパフォーマンスおよび代謝アウトカムを調べたものはあるが,いつ栄養素が投与されたかを変化させた影響を,直接に調査したものはほとんど存在しない.Ivy らがトレーニングを受けたサイクリスト募集し,45 – 75 % VO2max の強度で三時間のサイクリング運動を完了後に 85 % VO2max で疲労困憊まで運動させた [77]. クロスオーバー様式で,被検者は 7.75 % 炭水化物溶液または 7.75 % 炭水化物+ 1.94 % たんぱく質溶液を摂取した.炭水化物にたんぱく質を加えると,持久力は有意に改善した.同様の手法で Saunders らは被検者を 24 時間以内に二種類の異なる状況 (75 – 85 % VO2max) で疲労を促した.つまり,疲労困憊直後に単回投与 (10 mL/kg) した後に,一方には炭水化物溶液単独を,他方には炭水化物およびたんぱく質の混合溶液を運動中(1.8 mL/kg を 15 分毎)に投与するものである [78]. 炭水化物とたんぱく質の混合溶液では筋損傷の減少と同様,有意なパフォーマンスの改善を認めた.同じ研究チームの報告によると,栄養ジェルを用いて反復運動中に炭水化物 (0.146 g/kg) たんぱく質 (0.0365 g/kg) の混合物を摂取するとサイクリングのパフォーマンスが有意に改善するという [79]. これらの研究のいずれもタイミングを直接比較した調査ではなかったが,それらは全て,炭水化物+たんぱく質の混合物を運動前に摂取することで,持久性パフォーマンスに好影響をおよぼす可能性があることを示唆している.さらに,たんぱく質の(炭水化物への)付加は,短時間しか回復時間を取れない場合や,最適量を下回る量の炭水化物しか分配されない場合,および筋損傷の症状を軽減するのに役立つ場合に,グリコーゲン補給速度を高める可能性が示唆されている [80]. 注目すべきことだが,これらの量の炭水化物とたんぱく質を運動前に摂取することで運動パフォーマンスを妨げる可能性のあることを示した報告はない.同様に,Rustad らの報告によると,まずサイクリング運動で疲労困憊させて 2 時間以内に炭水化物 (0.8 g/kg/h) にたんぱく質 (0.4 g/kg/h) を付加すると,炭水化物単独を摂取した場合と比較して,翌朝の有意なサイクリングパフォーマンスの改善を認め,ゆえにこれは回復の改善を示唆するという [81].
貯蔵された燃料を使い果たし,筋組織に重大な損傷を与える可能性のある運動の完遂からの回復をサポートするために,運動後の栄養タイミング戦略は非常に興味深いものである.Ivy らはサイクリストに要請して 2.5 時間のサイクリング (65 – 75 % VO2max) を完遂させ,その後に炭水化物とたんぱく質の混合物(80 g の炭水化物と 28 g のたんぱく質,6 g の脂質)または二種類の異なる投与(高炭水化物群として 108 g の炭水化物と 6 g の脂質,低炭水化物群として 80 g 炭水化物と 6 g の脂質)を運動セッション直後と 2 時間後に行った [82]. タイミングは特に調査されていないが,炭水化物とたんぱく質の混合物は,研究チームが調査した 4 時間の調査時間の中で,より大きなグリコーゲン回復に至った.これらの知見は,この研究チームによる以前の知見をなぞったものであり,たんぱく質の付加がグリコーゲン回復の初期段階を有利に促進したという結論に至った [83]. Berardi らが後に同様の二つの研究を公表しているが,炭水化物とたんぱく質の混合物を準備しておくことで,ワークアウト完了直後およびそれに引き続く持久性運動の前に摂取すると,筋グリコーゲンのより大きな回復を促進したという [84, 85].
このトピックについてのさらなる研究が完了するにつれ,たんぱく質を付加することの潜在的な利益は疑問視されてきた.例えば,Jentjens らは,炭水化物 (1.2 g/kg/h) とたんぱく質 (0.4 g/kg/h) 混合物では,炭水化物単独と比較して,3 時間の回復時間では筋グリコーゲン貯蔵の改善を示せなかった [63]. Howarth らは後にたんぱく質の付加に関して同様の結論に達し,これらの知見を拡張して,高用量の炭水化物 (1.6 g/kg/h) がさらなるグリコーゲン再合成を促進しないことを報告している [86]. したがって,炭水化物摂取量が 1.2 g/kg/h 未満である時に,たんぱく質の付加がグリコーゲン回復を増強すると考えられる.
筋力トレーニング
筋力トレーニング前に炭水化物とたんぱく質との摂取の効果を調査した研究はごく少数しか利用できない.例えば,Kraemer らは被検者に 7 日間,炭水化物とたんぱく質と脂質の混合物または,それと等エネルギーのマルトデキストリンのプラセボを摂取させて,2 日間の連続した筋力トレーニングを実施した [87]. 両群ともにサプリメントは運動開始の 30 分前に摂取したが,多栄養サプリメント群の方が垂直跳躍力および 80 % 1 RM でのレップス回数の有意な改善を認めた.同様の結果が Baty らにより報告され,そこでは 34 名の男性が激しい筋力トレーニング (90 % 1 RM 8 rep 3 sets) を受け,炭水化物(6.2 % 炭水化物)または炭水化物・たんぱく質(6.2 % 炭水化物 + 1.5 % たんぱく質)溶液のいずれかを,運動の前,運動中および運動後に摂取した [88]. パフォーマンスに影響はなかったが,炭水化物・たんぱく質混合物を摂取した時に,インスリン濃度の有意な上昇とコルチゾール濃度の有意な低下を認めた.さらに,炭水化物・たんぱく質混合物を摂取した時に筋損傷マーカー(例えばミオグロビンおよびクレアチンキナーゼ)が最初の 24 時間の回復期を通じて減少していた.これらの二つの研究では,筋力トレーニングセッション前のある時点で炭水化物・たんぱく質混合物を提供したが,運動前の炭水化物・たんぱく質の補給が運動パフォーマンス改善や適応に寄与したのかどうかを調べる目的では,これらの研究はデザインされていない.
Tipton らは炭水化物・必須アミノ酸のタイミングが筋蛋白合成率を変化させたか否かを直接調べるための最初の研究の一つを完了した [89]. この調査では,被検者は単回の下半身筋力トレーニングを完了し,その間同量の炭水化物(スクロース 35 g)と必須アミノ酸 6 g を運動直前か運動直後かのいずれかに摂取した.運動直前の栄養素摂取は,筋力トレーニング直後に炭水化物と必須アミノ酸混合物を摂取した場合よりも,筋蛋白合成率を有意に増加させた.しかし数年後,Fujita らが研究結果を再現しようと試みたが,運動前摂取と運動後摂取とでは筋蛋白合成率は同等だと結論した [90]. 多くの人は運動前の時間を省略するために Fujita の論文を用いるが,筋蛋白合成率の有意な増加は,筋力トレーニングの前後に栄養素を摂取した時に起きたことを強調すべきであり,エネルギー投与なしの対照群と比較したもので,これは分配のタイミングではなく栄養素の分配自体に,より大きな優先順位があることを示唆している.White らは研究を行い,炭水化物とたんぱく質の時間を区切った摂取が筋力産生および筋損傷マーカーに影響するかどうか,具体的に調査した [91]. この研究では 27 名の成人被検者が次のいずれか,つまり非カロリー甘味料または炭水化物 (75 g) とたんぱく質 (23 g) 混合物かを,損傷レベルの筋力トレーニングの 15 分前か 15 分後に摂取した.その結果分かったのは,筋力産生および血中筋損傷マーカーに影響を与えたのは,栄養素それ自体でもそのタイミングでもなかったということである.この結果から,炭水化物とたんぱく質の混合物を前後に摂取すると筋蛋白合成率が急速に増加する可能性があるが,筋力産生の変化や筋損傷は,炭水化物とたんぱく質混合物のタイミングには影響されない可能性があることを示唆している.
筋力トレーニングを通じて炭水化物とたんぱく質または必須アミノ酸の混合物を摂取することの急性の効果が研究されてきた [92, 93, 94, 95, 96]. しかし,他の期間同様,タイミングの問題を真に調査した研究は存在しない.この点に関して,Bird らにより公表された一連の研究は,急性パフォーマンス,ホルモン反応および筋損傷に関する急性期蛋白質の血中濃度に関して,炭水化物または炭水化物と必須アミノ酸の消費の影響を調査したものである [93, 94, 95, 96]. 最初の研究では 32 名の被検者が 60 分間の筋力トレーニングを通じて定期的に 6 % 炭水化物溶液,6 % 炭水化物と 6 g 必須アミノ酸溶液または非栄養プラセボのいずれかを摂取するよう無作為割付された.この研究からの知見の示唆するところは,6 % 炭水化物溶液か 6 % 炭水化物と 6 g 必須アミノ酸溶液のいずれかが摂取された時に,非エネルギープラセボと比較して血中コルチゾル濃度は減少するということである [94]. この調査後の報告の公表するところでは,炭水化物必須アミノ酸混合物を摂取すると尿中筋蛋白分解マーカーは 27 % 減少したが,プラセボ群では 56 % 増加した [95].
Bird らによる後の研究では「三相」アプローチを用いた.炭水化物とアミノ酸混合物を単回の筋力トレーニングの前,中,後に分配するものである [93]. クロスオーバー試験デザインを用いて,被検者は同量の非栄養性甘味料で風味づけした水からなるプラセボも同時に摂取した.彼らの報告によると,栄養素の分配は(全くなしと比較して)完遂した運動量の有意な増加と筋損傷を示す血清蛋白質の減少を認めたという.これらの方針に従い,Beelen らも次のような急性試験デザインを完遂させた.つまり,研究の被検者には筋力トレーニングの 2 時間前とセッション中に 15 分間隔で,炭水化物と体重あたり 0.15 g/kg の溶解したカゼインたんぱく質を摂取させた状態とすることを求めた [92]. プラセボと比較して,炭水化物とたんぱく質の混合物は蛋白質分解率を有意に低下させ,筋蛋白合成率分画を 49 ± 22 % 増加させ,その結果蛋白質バランスは 5 倍増加した.
筋力トレーニングにおける炭水化物とたんぱく質の摂取の慢性期の研究も行われている.Bird らは 6 % 炭水化物と 6 g 必須アミノ酸溶液を摂取させて 12 週間にわたって(週に 2 回)筋力トレーニングを行い,影響を調査した [96]. 尿中 3-メチルヒスチジン濃度は炭水化物・必須アミノ酸混合物摂取群で 26 % 減少しており,対照群で 52 % 増加したのと比較して有意差があった.また,I 型,IIa 型および IIb 型筋繊維の断面積は,炭水化物 (6 %) のみまたは必須アミノ酸 (6g) のいずれか単独を有する溶液を摂取した場合の変化と比較して増加していた.これらの知見は有望であるが,他の研究ではより高用量の必須アミノ酸(最大 12 g)が筋蛋白合成を最大限刺激する可能性を示唆しており,該当研究は提供された必須アミノ酸の投与量により制限される.このように,この分野における将来の研究は,筋力トレーニング中に消費される異なる用量の必須アミノ酸や,炭水化物溶液と様々な用量のインタクトプロテイン混合物が,パフォーマンスと筋力トレーニングへの適応にさらに影響する可能性があるか,確認すべきである.この点で,十分なたんぱく質が供給されているなら,炭水化物を追加しても追加の利益をもたらさない可能性がある.この例として,Hulmi らの示したところでは,マルトデキストリン炭水化物 (34.5 g) と濃縮ホエイプロテイン (37.5 g) 混合物を 12 週間の筋力トレーニングプロトコルでワークアウト直後に摂取させたが,プロテインサプリメント単独と比較しても,筋力トレーニング適応には何の利益ももたらさなかったという [97]. Cribb と Hayes は無作為化試験を行い,10 週間の筋力トレーニングプログラム中,男性被検者に同量の炭水化物とたんぱく質とクレアチンを,筋力トレーニングの直前と直後か,あるいは朝夕に摂取させた [16]. 強度,筋肥大および体組成の変化を評価したが,サプリメントを直前直後に摂取した場合に,朝夕にそれらを摂取したのと対照的に,除脂肪量,1 RM 強度,II 型筋繊維断面積およびより高濃度の筋クレアチンおよびグリコーゲン濃度の有意な増加を認めた.Hulmi らの結果と一見異なるように見えるが,これらの結果は,炭水化物・たんぱく質・クレアチン混合物の一時的な摂取が筋力トレーニング適応に対して好ましい結果をもたらした可能性があり,炭水化物・たんぱく質混合物が同量のたんぱく質単独摂取に比べて良いとは必ずしも言えないことを示唆している.さらに,Cribb と Hayes もクレアチンを提供したが,他の研究ではクレアチンを提供しなかった.これは筋力トレーニング中に見られる筋肉の適応を増強するための複数の調査シナリオで明らかになっている [98, 99, 100].
筋力トレーニング中の炭水化物とたんぱく質混合物はインスリン反応を経由して筋発達を増強することが示唆されている.特に,インスリンは筋肉の抗異化反応を促進し,それにより蛋白質収支を同化作用に有利にシフトさせる [101]. しかし,蛋白質分解の平衡を減少させるインスリン介在効果は約 15 – 30 µIU/mL の範囲内であり,この濃度は 45 g のホエイプロテイン単独を一気に摂取することで達成される [102, 103] [104]. これの示唆するところは,筋発達の観点からは,適切なたんぱく質を摂取すれば,トレーニング後の炭水化物補給はほとんど影響しないということである.この目的に向かい,Staples らは,炭水化物(マルトデキストリン 50 g)とたんぱく質(ホエイプロテイン 25 g)混合物の,単回の下半身筋力トレーニング完了直後の筋蛋白合成率への影響を比較した [105]. 著者らの報告によると,炭水化物とたんぱく質混合物は,たんぱく質単独と比較しても,筋蛋白合成率の増加をさらに刺激することはなかったという.さらに Rasmussen らの見出したところでは,一連の筋力トレーニングを完了してから 1 時間後または 3 時間後に 35 g スクロースと 6 g 必須アミノ酸を摂取した場合に,アミノ酸収支に差がなかったという [106].
要約すると,持久性運動と筋力トレーニングの両方において,炭水化物とたんぱく質を時間的に近接してまたはその間に摂取することは有効な戦略として機能し,定期的なトレーニングからの適応と同様に,その後の運動パフォーマンスに有利な影響を与える.この目的のために,減少した筋グリコーゲンの回復の改善と同様に持久性パフォーマンスの向上は一貫して報告されており,それは炭水化物とたんぱく質混合物が運動周辺で消費された時であり,特に,少量の炭水化物しか摂取されない時である.しかしながら,最適量の炭水化物が分配されると(たんぱく質の供給の有無とは無関係に),筋グリコーゲン減少の回復と同様,持久性運動や筋力トレーニングのパフォーマンスへの追加の利益は,たんぱく質を付加しても,ほとんどあるいは全く,影響を与えないようである.グリコーゲン回復に関する研究と同様に,筋力トレーニングおよび筋力トレーニングからの適応で見られる最適化を含めた研究もまた,日中に消費されるたんぱく質の総量に高い優先順位をつけることを示している.それゆえ,たんぱく質の総需要が満たされるなら,炭水化物を付加することの重要性(そしてなおさら時間を区切る様式)は限定的となる可能性がある.重要な論点はしかし,総エネルギー需要も満たされているかどうかである.特に,高用量のトレーニングを行っているアスリートや,低体重同様にるい痩の目立つアスリートにおいてはさらにそうである.このような状況では,炭水化物をたんぱく質に追加して補給することは,アスリートが適切な適切なエネルギーを摂取する助けになる可能性があり,適応が起こる範囲に影響を与え続ける可能性がある.筋力トレーニングを種目特異的なトレーニングに組み合わせているアスリートの場合には,その後の運動と適応のための回復を最適化するために,各セッションのすぐ近くに炭水化物とたんぱく質を用意しておくことを推奨する.
たんぱく質
持久性トレーニング
筋力トレーニング
食事のタイミングと分配-時刻に配慮する
食事頻度
たんぱく質摂取のタイミングと分配
睡眠前のたんぱく質摂取
結論
実際への応用
参考文献
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