これまで何度か英語の発音記号を探しては挫折していた．やっと正解らしきものにたどり着いたので備忘録を兼ねて公開する．
英語の辞書を繰ると単語の後に表記されている変な記号である．書き文字では目にとまることはないが，発音するときには必ず身に付けておかなければならない．
検索
日本語では発音記号と表現するが，英語では phonetic symbol という．表音記号だ．この語句を知らなかったために検索がうまく行かなかった．日本語で検索しても無駄だ．Yahoo! 知恵袋ばかり引っかかってきて，まともな情報にたどり着けない．必ず英語で検索すること．
規格
専用のフォントが用意されているかどうかは知らないが UTF-8 にはちゃんと規格がある．
日本語のサイトでは下記が良いだろう．
記法
具体的な記法については下記が良い．
The International Phonetic Alphabet in Unicode
重要な記述を引用する．
Alternatively, write direct HTML, referencing each IPA symbol using the code numbers listed below. You can do this using either decimal or hex numbers. To create such a “numeric entity”, you put ampersand (&), number sign (#), the Unicode number for the symbol, and semicolon. If using hex numbers, you must place an x between the number sign and the number. For example, to include the velar nasal symbol, ŋ, which has the Unicode decimal number 331, write ŋ, or, since its hex number is 014B, you can alternatively write ŋ. To transcribe the English word thing, θɪŋ, write θɪŋ or, alternatively, θɪŋ. The browser will render these with the correct IPA symbols, always provided an appropriate font is available.
これは html の特殊記号の記法とも重なっている．& と ; で挟む記法である．間の文字列は十進法または 16 進法で記述するのだが，数値であることを示すために # を頭に追加する必要があり，16 進法で記述する場合にはさらに x を続けて追加する．書いてて自分でも分からなくなってくる．
対応フォント
Unicode 対応フォントなら多分大丈夫だろう．上記サイトによると，対応フォントは下記のとおりである．
- Arial
- Arial Unicode MS
- Charis SIL
- Courier New
- Doulos SIL
- Gentium
- Lucida Grande
- Lucida Sans Unicode
- Microsoft Sans Serif
- Segoe UI
- Tahoma
- Times New Roman
具体例
Alphabetic
| Symbol | decimal | hex | value |
|---|---|---|---|
| ɑ | 593 | 0251 | open back unrounded |
| ɐ | 592 | 0250 | open-mid schwa |
| ɒ | 594 | 0252 | open back rounded |
| æ | 230 | 00E6 | raised open front unrounded |
| ɓ | 595 | 0253 | vd bilabial implosive |
| ʙ | 665 | 0299 | vd bilabial trill |
| β | 946 | 03B2 | vd bilabial fricative |
| ɔ | 596 | 0254 | open-mid back rounded |
| ɕ | 597 | 0255 | vl alveolopalatal fricative |
| ç | 231 | 00E7 | vl palatal fricative |
| ɗ | 599 | 0257 | vd alveolar implosive |
| ɖ | 598 | 0256 | vd retroflex plosive |
| ð | 240 | 00F0 | vd dental fricative |
| ʤ | 676 | 02A4 | vd postalveolar affricate |
| ə | 601 | 0259 | schwa |
| ɘ | 600 | 0258 | close-mid schwa |
| ɚ | 602 | 025A | rhotacized schwa |
| ɛ | 603 | 025B | open-mid front unrounded |
| ɜ | 604 | 025C | open-mid central |
| ɝ | 605 | 025D | rhotacized open-mid central |
| ɞ | 606 | 025E | open-mid central rounded |
| ɟ | 607 | 025F | vd palatal plosive |
| ʄ | 644 | 0284 | vd palatal implosive |
| ɡ | 609 | 0261 | vd velar plosive |
| ɠ | 608 | 0260 | vd velar implosive |
| ɢ | 610 | 0262 | vd uvular plosive |
| ʛ | 667 | 029B | vd uvular implosive |
| ɦ | 614 | 0266 | vd glottal fricative |
| ɧ | 615 | 0267 | vl multiple-place fricative |
| ħ | 295 | 0127 | vl pharyngeal fricative |
| ɥ | 613 | 0265 | labial-palatal approximant |
| ʜ | 668 | 029C | vl epiglottal fricative |
| ɨ | 616 | 0268 | close central unrounded |
| ɪ | 618 | 026A | lax close front unrounded |
| ʝ | 669 | 029D | vd palatal fricative |
| ɭ | 621 | 026D | vd retroflex lateral |
| ɬ | 620 | 026C | vl alveolar lateral fricative |
| ɫ | 619 | 026B | velarized vd alveolar lateral |
| ɮ | 622 | 026E | vd alveolar lateral fricative |
| ʟ | 671 | 029F | vd velar lateral |
| ɱ | 625 | 0271 | vd labiodental nasal |
| ɯ | 623 | 026F | close back unrounded |
| ɰ | 624 | 0270 | velar approximant |
| ŋ | 331 | 014B | vd velar nasal |
| ɳ | 627 | 0273 | vd retroflex nasal |
| ɲ | 626 | 0272 | vd palatal nasal |
| ɴ | 628 | 0274 | vd uvular nasal |
| ø | 248 | 00F8 | front close-mid rounded |
| ɵ | 629 | 0275 | rounded schwa |
| ɸ | 632 | 0278 | vl bilabial fricative |
| θ | 952 | 03B8 | vl dental fricative |
| œ | 339 | 0153 | front open-mid rounded |
| ɶ | 630 | 0276 | front open rounded |
| ʘ | 664 | 0298 | bilabial click |
| ɹ | 633 | 0279 | vd (post)alveolar approximant |
| ɺ | 634 | 027A | vd alveolar lateral flap |
| ɾ | 638 | 027E | vd alveolar tap |
| ɻ | 635 | 027B | vd retroflex approximant |
| ʀ | 640 | 0280 | vd uvular trill |
| ʁ | 641 | 0281 | vd uvular fricative |
| ɽ | 637 | 027D | vd retroflex flap |
| ʂ | 642 | 0282 | vl retroflex fricative |
| ʃ | 643 | 0283 | vl postalveolar fricative |
| ʈ | 648 | 0288 | vl retroflex plosive |
| ʧ | 679 | 02A7 | vl postalveolar affricate |
| ʉ | 649 | 0289 | close central rounded |
| ʊ | 650 | 028A | lax close back rounded |
| ʋ | 651 | 028B | vd labiodental approximant |
| ⱱ | 11377 | 2C71 | voiced labiodental flap |
| ʌ | 652 | 028C | open-mid back unrounded |
| ɣ | 611 | 0263 | vd velar fricative |
| ɤ | 612 | 0264 | close-mid back unrounded |
| ʍ | 653 | 028D | vl labial-velar fricative |
| χ | 967 | 03C7 | vl uvular fricative |
| ʎ | 654 | 028E | vd palatal lateral |
| ʏ | 655 | 028F | lax close front rounded |
| ʑ | 657 | 0291 | vd alveolopalatal fricative |
| ʐ | 656 | 0290 | vd retroflex fricative |
| ʒ | 658 | 0292 | vd postalveolar fricative |
| ʔ | 660 | 0294 | glottal plosive |
| ʡ | 673 | 02A1 | vd epiglottal plosive |
| ʕ | 661 | 0295 | vd pharyngeal fricative |
| ʢ | 674 | 02A2 | vd epiglottal fricative |
| ǀ | 448 | 01C0 | dental click |
| ǁ | 449 | 01C1 | alveolar lateral click |
| ǂ | 450 | 01C2 | alveolar click |
| ǃ | 451 | 01C3 | retroflex click |
Spacing diacritics and suprasegmentals
| Symbol | decimal | hex | value |
|---|---|---|---|
| ˈ | 712 | 02C8 | (primary) stress mark |
| ˌ | 716 | 02CC | secondary stress |
| ː | 720 | 02D0 | length mark NB: there is a bug in some versions of MS IExplorer that causes this character not to display. It is probably best to use a simple colon instead. |
| ˑ | 721 | 02D1 | half-length |
| ʼ | 700 | 02BC | ejective |
| ʴ | 692 | 02B4 | rhotacized |
| ʰ | 688 | 02B0 | aspirated |
| ʱ | 689 | 02B1 | breathy-voice-aspirated |
| ʲ | 690 | 02B2 | palatalized |
| ʷ | 695 | 02B7 | labialized |
| ˠ | 736 | 02E0 | velarized |
| ˤ | 740 | 02E4 | pharyngealized |
| ˞ | 734 | 02DE | rhotacized |
Non-spacing diacritics and suprasegmentals
| Symbol | decimal | hex | value |
|---|---|---|---|
| n̥ d̥ | 805 | 0325 | voiceless |
| ŋ̊ | 778 | 030A | voiceless (use if character has descender) |
| b̤ a̤ | 804 | 0324 | breathy voiced |
| t̪ d̪ | 810 | 032A | dental |
| s̬ t̬ | 812 | 032C | voiced |
| b̰ a̰ | 816 | 0330 | creaky voiced |
| t̺ d̺ | 826 | 033A | apical |
| t̼ d̼ | 828 | 033C | linguolabial |
| t̻ d̻ | 827 | 033B | laminal |
| t̚ | 794 | 031A | not audibly released |
| ɔ̹ | 825 | 0339 | more rounded |
| ẽ | 771 | 0303 | nasalized |
| ɔ̜ | 796 | 031C | less rounded |
| u̟ | 799 | 031F | advanced |
| e̠ | 800 | 0320 | retracted |
| ë | 776 | 0308 | centralized |
| l̴ n̴ | 820 | 0334 | velarized or pharyngealized |
| ɫ | 619 | 026B | (ready-made combination, dark l) |
| e̽ | 829 | 033D | mid-centralized |
| e̝ ɹ̝ | 797 | 031D | raised |
| m̩ n̩ l̩ | 809 | 0329 | syllabic |
| e̞ β̞ | 798 | 031E | lowered |
| e̯ | 815 | 032F | non-syllabic |
| e̘ | 792 | 0318 | advanced tongue root |
| e̙ | 793 | 0319 | retracted tongue root |
| ĕ | 774 | 0306 | extra-short |
| e̋ | 779 | 030B | extra high tone |
| é | 769 | 0301 | high tone |
| ē | 772 | 0304 | mid tone |
| è | 768 | 0300 | low tone |
| ȅ | 783 | 030F | extra low tone |
| x͜x | 860 | 035C | tie bar below |
| x͡x | 865 | 0361 | tie bar above |
Arrows
| Symbol | decimal | hex | value |
|---|---|---|---|
| ↓ | 8595 | 2193 | downstep |
| ↑ | 8593 | 2191 | upstep |
| → | 8594 | 2192 | (becomes, is realized as — not recognized by the IPA) |
| ↗ | 8599 | 2197 | global rise |
| ↘ | 8600 | 2198 | global fall |